Verb क्या होता है? (Definition)
A verb (क्रिया) is the most important part of a sentence that shows action (काम), state (स्थिति), or occurrence (घटना). Without a verb, a sentence cannot be complete.
Detailed Examples:
- Physical Action:
“She runs every morning.” / “वह रोज सुबह दौड़ती है।”
“They build houses.” / “वे घर बनाते हैं।” - Mental Action:
“I think about my future.” / “मैं अपने भविष्य के बारे में सोचता हूँ।”
“We believe in hard work.” / “हम मेहनत में विश्वास करते हैं।” - State of Being:
“He is a doctor.” / “वह एक डॉक्टर है।”
“They seem tired.” / “वे थके हुए लगते हैं।” - Occurrence/Happening:
“The sun rises in the east.” / “सूरज पूर्व में उगता है।”
“The accident happened yesterday.” / “हादसा कल हुआ था।”
Key Points:
- Every sentence must have at least one verb
- Verbs change form based on tense (past/present/future)
- They agree with the subject (singular/plural)
Types of Verbs (क्रिया के प्रकार)
1. Action Verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया)
These show physical or mental actions that someone or something does.
More Examples:
- “She writes poems.” / “वह कविताएँ लिखती है।”
- “He solved the puzzle.” / “उसने पहेली हल की।”
- “Children play outside.” / “बच्चे बाहर खेलते हैं।”
Special Cases:
- Transitive Verbs: Require an object
“She reads books.” (books = object) - Intransitive Verbs: Don’t need an object
“He sleeps.” (no object needed)
2. Linking Verbs (अकर्मक क्रिया)
These connect the subject to additional information about it.
Common Linking Verbs:
| Verb | Example (English → Hindi) |
|---|---|
| be | “I am happy.” → “मैं खुश हूँ।” |
| seem | “You seem tired.” → “तुम थके लगते हो।” |
| become | “She became a teacher.” → “वह शिक्षिका बनी।” |
3. Helping Verbs (सहायक क्रिया)
These work with main verbs to form tenses, questions, or negatives.
Primary Helping Verbs:
- be (am, is, are, was, were)
- have (has, had)
- do (does, did)
Examples:
- “They are playing.” / “वे खेल रहे हैं।”
- “She has finished.” / “वह समाप्त कर चुकी है।”
- “Do* you know?”* / “क्या तुम जानते हो?”
4. Modal Verbs (मॉडल क्रिया)
These express ability, permission, obligation, etc.
Common Modals:
| Modal | Use Case | Example (English → Hindi) |
|---|---|---|
| can | ability | “I can swim.” → “मैं तैर सकता हूँ।” |
| may | permission | “May I go?” → “क्या मैं जा सकता हूँ?” |
| must | obligation | “You must try.” → “तुम्हें कोशिश करनी चाहिए।” |
Verb Rules (नियम)
1. Subject-Verb Agreement
The verb must match the subject in number (singular/plural).
Rules:
- Singular subject → singular verb (“He plays.”)
- Plural subject → plural verb (“They play.”)
Tricky Cases:
- Collective nouns:
“The team is winning.” (singular)
“The team are arguing.” (plural when members act separately) - Either/or, neither/nor:
“Neither he nor I am ready.” (verb agrees with nearest subject)
2. Tense Forms
Verbs change form to show time (past/present/future).
Detailed Tense Table:
| Tense Name | Structure | Affirmative Example | Negative Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Simple Present | Subject + V1 (कर्ता + क्रिया का मूल रूप) | “She writes letters.” “वह पत्र लिखती है।” | “She does not write letters.” “वह पत्र नहीं लिखती।” |
| 2. Present Continuous | am/is/are + V+ing (हूँ/है/हो + रहा/रही) | “They are playing.” “वे खेल रहे हैं।” | “They are not playing.” “वे नहीं खेल रहे।” |
| 3. Present Perfect | has/have + V3 (चुका है/चुके हैं) | “I have eaten.” “मैंने खा लिया है।” | “I have not eaten.” “मैंने नहीं खाया है।” |
| 4. Present Perfect Continuous | has/have + been + V+ing (से … रहा है) | “She has been working.” “वह काम करती रही है।” | “She has not been working.” “वह काम नहीं कर रही।” |
| 5. Simple Past | Subject + V2 (कर्ता + क्रिया का दूसरा रूप) | “He went.” “वह गया।” | “He did not go.” “वह नहीं गया।” |
| 6. Past Continuous | was/were + V+ing (था/थे + रहा/रही) | “We were sleeping.” “हम सो रहे थे।” | “We were not sleeping.” “हम नहीं सो रहे थे।” |
| 7. Past Perfect | had + V3 (चुका था/चुके थे) | “She had left.” “वह जा चुकी थी।” | “She had not left.” “वह नहीं गई थी।” |
| 8. Past Perfect Continuous | had + been + V+ing (से … रहा था) | “They had been waiting.” “वे इंतज़ार करते रहे थे।” | “They had not been waiting.” “वे इंतज़ार नहीं कर रहे थे।” |
| 9. Simple Future | will/shall + V1 (गा/गे/गी) | “I will call you.” “मैं तुम्हें फोन करूँगा।” | “I will not call you.” “मैं तुम्हें फोन नहीं करूँगा।” |
| 10. Future Continuous | will be + V+ing (रहा होगा/रही होगी) | “She will be dancing.” “वह नाच रही होगी।” | “She will not be dancing.” “वह नाच नहीं रही होगी।” |
| 11. Future Perfect | will have + V3 (चुका होगा) | “We will have arrived.” “हम पहुँच चुके होंगे।” | “We will not have arrived.” “हम नहीं पहुँचे होंगे।” |
| 12. Future Perfect Continuous | will have been + V+ing (से … रहा होगा) | “He will have been working.” “वह काम करता रहा होगा।” | “He will not have been working.” “वह काम नहीं कर रहा होगा।” |
3. Regular vs. Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs: Form past tense by adding -ed
“walk → walked” / “चलना → चला”
Irregular Verbs: Have unique past forms
“go → went” / “जाना → गया”
“eat → ate” / “खाना → खाया”
Common Irregular Verbs List:
| Base Form | Past Tense | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| choose | chose | chosen |
Common Mistakes (गलतियाँ)
❌ “She don’t like apples.”
✅ “She doesn’t like apples.” / “वह सेब पसंद नहीं करती।”
❌ “They was sleeping.”
✅ “They were sleeping.” / “वे सो रहे थे।”
❌ “I seen that movie.”
✅ “I saw that movie.” / “मैंने वह फिल्म देखी।”
❌ “He can speaks English.”
✅ “He can speak English.” / “वह अंग्रेजी बोल सकता है।”
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. What are “state verbs”?
Ans: Verbs like know, love, belong that show states (not actions). They usually don’t use -ing forms.
Q2. Can we use two main verbs together?
Ans: No! Use conjunctions or infinitives:
❌ “I want go.” → ✅ “I want to go.” / “मैं जाना चाहता हूँ।”
Q3. Why do some verbs have irregular forms?
Ans: They come from Old English. Must be memorized!
